|
| 10% Jola | 9% Serahuli | 4% other Africans | 1% non-African }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2003 | capital = Banjul | latd=13 |latm=28 |latNS=N |longd=16 |longm=36 |longEW=W | largest_city = Serekunda | government_type = Dominant-party presidential republic | leader_title1 = President | leader_name1 = Yahya Jammeh | leader_title2 = Vice-President | leader_name2 = Isatou Njie-Saidy | legislature = National Assembly | area_rank = 164th | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | area_km2 = 10,689 | area_sq_mi = 4,007 | percent_water = 11.5 | population_estimate = | population_estimate_rank = | population_estimate_year = | population_census = 1,882,450 | population_census_year = 2013 Census | population_density_km2 = 176.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 425.5 | population_density_rank = 74th | GDP_PPP = $3.403 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Gambia )〕 | GDP_PPP_year = 2012 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,864〔 | GDP_nominal = $918 million〔 | GDP_nominal_year = 2012 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $502〔 | sovereignty_type = Independence | established_event1 = from the United Kingdom | established_date1 = 18 February 1965 | Gini_year = 1998 | Gini_change = | Gini = 50.2 | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2013 | HDI_change = steady | HDI = 0.441 |HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = Dalasi | currency_code = GMD | country_code = | time_zone = GMT | utc_offset = | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = +220 | iso3166code = GM | cctld = .gm }} The Gambia (; officially the Republic of the Gambia and often called simply Gambia) is a country in West Africa mostly surrounded by Senegal with a short strip of its coastline bordered with the Atlantic Ocean at its western end. It is the smallest country on mainland Africa.〔Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.〕 The Gambia is situated on either side of the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the centre of the Gambia and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is with a population of 1,882,450 at the 15 April 2013 Census (provisional). Banjul is the Gambian capital, and the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama. The Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese, during which era it was A Gâmbia, and later, on 25 May 1765,〔“Historical Dictionary of The Gambia,” by Arnold Hughes, David Perfect, pg. xx.〕 the Gambia was made a part of the British colony when the government formally assumed control, establishing the Province of Senegambia. On 18 February 1965, the Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom. Since gaining independence, the Gambia has had two leaders - Dawda Jawara, who ruled from 1970 until 1994, when the current leader Yahya Jammeh seized power in a coup as a young army officer.〔Wiseman, John A., (Africa South of the Sahara 2004 (33rd edition): The Gambia: Recent History ), Europa Publications Ltd., 2004, page 456.〕 The Gambia's economy is dominated by farming, fishing, and tourism. About a third of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.〔(''Human Development Indices'' ), Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009〕 ==History== (詳細はArab traders provided the first written accounts of the Gambia area in the ninth and tenth centuries. During the tenth century, Muslim merchants and scholars established communities in several West African commercial centres. Both groups established trans-Saharan trade routes, leading to a large trade in slaves, gold, ivory (exports) and manufactured goods (imports). By the eleventh or twelfth century, the rulers of kingdoms such as Takrur (a monarchy centred on the Senegal River just to the north), ancient Ghana and Gao, had converted to Islam and had appointed Muslims who were literate in the Arabic language as courtiers.〔Easton P Education and Koranic Literacy in West Africa IK Notes on Indigenous Knowledge and Practices, n° 11, World Bank Group 1999 p 1–4〕 At the beginning of the fourteenth century, most of what is today called Gambia was part of the Mali Empire. The Portuguese reached this area by sea in the mid-fifteenth century, and they began to dominate overseas trade. In 1588, the claimant to the Portuguese throne, António, Prior of Crato, sold exclusive trade rights on the Gambia River to English merchants. Letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I confirmed the grant. In 1618, King James I of England granted a charter to an English company for trade with the Gambia and the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Between 1651 and 1661 some parts of the Gambia were under Courland's rule, and had been bought by Prince Jacob Kettler, who was a Polish-Lithuanian vassal. During the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the British Empire and the French Empire struggled continually for political and commercial supremacy in the regions of the Senegal River and the Gambia River. The British Empire occupied the Gambia when an expedition led by Augustus Keppel landed there—following the Capture of Senegal in 1758. The 1783 First Treaty of Versailles gave Great Britain possession of the Gambia River, but the French retained a tiny enclave at Albreda on the river's north bank. This was finally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1856. As many as three million slaves may have been taken from this general region during the three centuries that the transatlantic slave trade operated. It is not known how many slaves were taken by intertribal wars or Muslim traders before the transatlantic slave trade began. Most of those taken were sold by other Africans to Europeans; others were prisoners of intertribal wars; some were victims sold because of unpaid debts; and others were simply victims of kidnapping.〔Mungo Park, ''Travels in the Interior of Africa'' (v. II, Chapter XXII – War and Slavery ).〕 Traders initially sent slaves to Europe to work as servants until the market for labour expanded in the West Indies and North America in the eighteenth century. In 1807, the United Kingdom abolished the slave trade throughout its empire. It also tried, unsuccessfully, to end the slave trade in the Gambia. Slave ships intercepted by the Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron in the Atlantic were also returned to the Gambia, with liberated slaves released on MacCarthy Island far up the Gambia River where they were expected to establish new lives.〔Patrick Webb. 1994. Guests of the Crown: Convicts and Liberated Slaves on McCarthy Island, The Gambia. Geographical Journal. 160 (2): 136–142.〕 The British established the military post of Bathurst (now Banjul) in 1816. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Gambia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|